Keys and Scales

Key Signatures

A key signature is a set of sharps (#) or flats (b) placed at the beginning of each staff line in written music that indicates which notes are to be consistently raised or lowered throughout a piece. The key signature helps define the key of the song—the tonal center or "home" note around which the melody and harmony are organized. For example, a key signature with one sharp usually indicates the key of G major or its relative minor, E minor. Understanding the key signature is essential for musicians to know which notes will sound natural or altered in the context of the song.

Scales

A scale is a series of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order within the framework set by the key signature. Scales provide the raw material for both melodies and harmonies. The two most common types of scales in Western popular music are major and minor.

Major scales typically have a bright, happy, or triumphant sound. Their sequence of whole and half steps creates a sense of stability and optimism. Songs like “Happy” by Pharrell Williams and “CAN'T STOP THE FEELING!” by Justin Timberlake use major scales to evoke upbeat, energetic moods.

Minor scales generally convey a more somber, introspective, or emotional atmosphere. Their pattern of intervals creates tension and depth, often associated with sadness or longing. For instance, “Slow Dancing in a Burning Room” by John Mayer uses a minor scale to support its reflective and melancholy lyrics.